Assessing Risk Factors and Clinical Profiles of Patients with Brain Tumour: An Extensive Investigation in a Baghdad Hospital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51173/ijmhs.v3i1.24Keywords:
Risk factor; Brain Tumors; Baghdad Hospital; Demographic; PatientAbstract
Background: Certain brain tumor forms can be misdiagnosed, which can impair a patient's capacity to respond to treatment and lower their chance of survival.
Objective of study: Due to an increase in the number of brain tumor cases worldwide, it is important to identify the risk factors of patient with brain tumors.
Materials and Methods: This study intends to evaluate the brain tumor risk factor at the Baghdad hospital and determine the relationship between the risk factor and demographics. A cross-sectional, descriptive design study was carried out from October 29, 2021, to May 22, 2022. Recruitment was done for a purposeful (non-probability) sample of 41 patients. The research team provided the questioner for the participants to collect the data manually. IBM-Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26.0 is used to analyses the data using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques.
Results: The results demonstrate that elderly individuals are more vulnerable than younger ones. Men and women are equally likely to be affected by brain tumors. Also, a person's chance of developing a brain tumor is more likely to be influenced by their family history. People with different educational backgrounds are all at the same risk of developing brain tumors. Furthermore, BMI has little bearing on the development risk of brain tumors. Finally, the likelihood of brain tumors is strongly influenced by an individual's line of work.
Conclusion: The findings revealed that age plays an essential part in assessing the risk of developing brain tumors, with older people having a higher risk than younger people. Gender does not appear to be a significant factor in predicting the chance of getting brain tumors. This indicates that brain tumors are equally likely to affect men and women.
References
Reynoso-Noverón, N., Mohar-Betancourt, A., & Ortiz-Rafael, J. (2020). Epidemiology of brain tumors. In Principles of neuro-oncology: brain & skull base (pp. 15-25). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54879-7_2.
Achar, A., Myers, R., & Ghosh, C. (2021). Drug delivery challenges in brain disorders across the blood–brain barrier: novel methods and future considerations for improved therapy. Biomedicines, 9(12), 1834. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9121834.
Kang, C., Sun, Y., Zhu, J., Li, W., Zhang, A., Kuang, T., ... & Yang, Z. (2016). Delivery of nanoparticles for treatment of brain tumor. Current Drug Metabolism, 17(8), 745-754. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cdm/2016/00000017/00000008/art00006.
Mohan, G., & Subashini, M. M. (2018). MRI based medical image analysis: Survey on brain tumor grade classification. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 39, 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2017.07.007.
Robertson, P. L. (2016). CNS germ cell tumors: a clinical review and future directions. Future Neurology, 11(1), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.2217/fnl.16.2. https://doi.org/10.2217/fnl.16.2.
McFaline-Figueroa, J. R., & Lee, E. Q. (2018). Brain tumors. The American journal of medicine, 131(8), 874-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.12.039.
Sizoo, E. M., Braam, L., Postma, T. J., Pasman, H. R. W., Heimans, J. J., Klein, M., ... & Taphoorn, M. J. (2010). Symptoms and problems in the end-of-life phase of high-grade glioma patients. Neuro-oncology, 12(11), 1162-1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nop045.
Nie, D., Zhang, H., Adeli, E., Liu, L., & Shen, D. (2016, October). 3D deep learning for multi-modal imaging-guided survival time prediction of brain tumor patients. In International conference on medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention (pp. 212-220). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46723-8_25.
Louis, D. N., Perry, A., Reifenberger, G., Von Deimling, A., Figarella-Branger, D., Cavenee, W. K., ... & Ellison, D. W. (2016). The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta neuropathologica, 131(6), 803-820. doi: 10.1007/s00401-016-1545-1.
Cheng, J. (2017). Brain tumor dataset (Version 5). figshare. DOI, 10, m9. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1512427.v5.
Quail, D. F., & Joyce, J. A. (2017). The microenvironmental landscape of brain tumors. Cancer cell, 31(3), 326-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.009.
Hamdani, S. M., Dar, N. Q., & Reshi, R. (2019). Histopathological spectrum of brain tumors: A 4-year retrospective study from a single tertiary care facility. Int J Med Sci Public Health, 8(08), 673-676. doi: 10.5455/ijmsph.2019.0616504062019.
Afshar, N., English, D. R., Thursfield, V., Mitchell, P. L., Te Marvelde, L., Farrugia, H., ... & Milne, R. L. (2018). Differences in cancer survival by sex: a population-based study using cancer registry data. Cancer Causes & Control, 29(11), 1059-1069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-018-1079-z.
Sun, T., Plutynski, A., Ward, S., & Rubin, J. B. (2015). An integrative view on sex differences in brain tumors. Cellular and molecular life sciences, 72(17), 3323-3342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-1930-2.
Bondy, M. L., Scheurer, M. E., Malmer, B., Barnholtz‐Sloan, J. S., Davis, F. G., Il'Yasova, D., ... & Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium. (2008). Brain tumor epidemiology: consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer, 113(S7), 1953-1968. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23741.
Sukhikh, E. S., & Sukhikh, L. G. (2019). Dosimetric and radiobiological evaluation of combined radiotherapy of cervical cancer based on the VMAT technique. In Gynaecological Malignancies-Updates and Advances. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89734.
Hameed, B. H., Al-Rayahi, I. A., & Muhsin, S. S. (2022). Evaluation of Preoperative CA15-3 Level and its Relationship with Clinico-Pathological Characteristics in Primary Breast Cancer Patients. Journal of Techniques, 4(2), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.51173/jt.v4i2.480.
Galldiks, N., Kocher, M., & Langen, K. J. (2017). Pseudoprogression after glioma therapy: an update. Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 17(11), 1109-1115. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2017.1375405.
Magwesela, F. M., Msemakweli, D., & Rabiel, H. (2022). Patterns and surgical outcomes of primary brain tumors managed at a tertiary hospital in Arusha, Tanzania: A cross-sectional analysis. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1507079/v1.
Ryckman, J. M., Ganesan, V., Kusi Appiah, A., Zhang, C., & Verma, V. (2019). National practice patterns of proton versus photon therapy in the treatment of adult patients with primary brain tumors in the United States. Acta Oncologica, 58(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2018.1512755.
Rivera, M., Norman, S., Sehgal, R., & Juthani, R. (2021). Updates on surgical management and advances for brain tumors. Current Oncology Reports, 23(3), 35. doi: 10.1007/s11912-020-01005-7.
Mizumoto, M., Oshiro, Y., Yamamoto, T., Kohzuki, H., & Sakurai, H. (2017). Proton beam therapy for pediatric brain tumor. Neurologia medico-chirurgica, 57(7), 343-355. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.ra.2017-0003.
Louis, D. N., & von Deimling, A. (2017). Grading of diffuse astrocytic gliomas: Broders, Kernohan, Zülch, the WHO… and Shakespeare. Acta neuropathologica, 134(4), 517-520. doi: 10.1007/s00401-017-1765-z.
Schulz, C., Waldeck, S., & Mauer, U. M. (2012). Intraoperative image guidance in neurosurgery: development, current indications, and future trends. Radiology research and practice, 2012(1), 197364. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/197364.
Saeed, H. R., Al-Rawaq, K. J., & Ibrahim, M. F. (2019). Retrospective study of central nervous system tumors in the five wars country. Brain, 4, 1-3. doi: 10.15761/JBN.1000121.
Gerard, I. J., Kersten-Oertel, M., Petrecca, K., Sirhan, D., Hall, J. A., & Collins, D. L. (2017). Brain shift in neuronavigation of brain tumors: A review. Medical image analysis, 35, 403-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2016.08.007.
Willis, K. D., Ravyts, S. G., Lanoye, A., & Loughan, A. R. (2022). Sleep disturbance in primary brain tumor: prevalence, risk factors, and patient preferences. Supportive Care in Cancer, 30(1), 741-748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06476-3.
Bondy, M. L., Scheurer, M. E., Malmer, B., Barnholtz‐Sloan, J. S., Davis, F. G., Il'Yasova, D., ... & Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium. (2008). Brain tumor epidemiology: consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer, 113(S7), 1953-1968. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23741.
Parsons, D. W., Jones, S., Zhang, X., Lin, J. C. H., Leary, R. J., Angenendt, P., ... & Kinzler, K. W. (2008). An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme. science, 321(5897), 1807-1812. DOI: 10.1126/science.1164382.
Mohammed, A., Hamdan, A., & Homoud, A. (2019). Histopathological profile of brain tumors: a 12-year retrospective study from Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Asian journal of neurosurgery, 14(04), 1106-1111. doi: 10.4103/ajns.AJNS_185_19.
DE BERRINGTON, G. A. (2004). Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays. The Lancet, 363(9406), 345-351. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(04)15433-0/fulltext.
Galeone, C., Malerba, S., Rota, M., Bagnardi, V., Negri, E., Scotti, L., ... & Pelucchi, C. (2013). A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of brain tumours. Annals of oncology, 24(2), 514-523. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mds432.
Hardell, L., Carlberg, M., & Mild, K. H. (2013). Use of mobile phones and cordless phones is associated with increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma. Pathophysiology, 20(2), 85-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.11.001.
Beane Freeman, L. E., Bonner, M. R., Blair, A., Hoppin, J. A., Sandler, D. P., Lubin, J. H., ... & Alavanja, M. C. (2005). Cancer incidence among male pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study cohort exposed to diazinon. American journal of epidemiology, 162(11), 1070-1079. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi321.
Ostrom, Q. T., Gittleman, H., Truitt, G., Boscia, A., Kruchko, C., & Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S. (2018). CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2011–2015. Neuro-oncology, 20(suppl_4), iv1-iv86. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noy131.
Bondy, M. L., Scheurer, M. E., Malmer, B., Barnholtz‐Sloan, J. S., Davis, F. G., Il'Yasova, D., & Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium. (2008). Brain tumor epidemiology: consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer, 113(S7), 1953-1968. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23741.
Liang, J., Lv, X., Lu, C., Ye, X., Chen, X., Fu, J., ... & Zhao, Y. (2020). Prognostic factors of patients with gliomas–an analysis on 335 patients with glioblastoma and other forms of gliomas. BMC cancer, 20(1), 35. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-6511-6.
Hosseini, B., Hall, A. L., Zendehdel, K., Kromhout, H., Onyije, F. M., Moradzadeh, R., & Olsson, A. (2021). Occupational exposure to carcinogens and occupational epidemiological cancer studies in Iran: a review. Cancers, 13(14), 3581. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143581.
de Robles, P., Fiest, K. M., Frolkis, A. D., Pringsheim, T., Atta, C., St. Germaine-Smith, C., ... & Jette, N. (2015). The worldwide incidence and prevalence of primary brain tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuro-oncology, 17(6), 776-783. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nou283.
Ostrom, Q. T., Price, M., Neff, C., Cioffi, G., Waite, K. A., Kruchko, C., & Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S. (2022). CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2015–2019. Neuro-oncology, 24(Supplement_5), v1-v95. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noac202.
Pfitzer, C., Zynda, A., Hohmann, C., Keil, T., & Borgmann-Staudt, A. (2013). Educational level of childhood brain tumor survivors: results from a German survey. Klinische Pädiatrie, 225(03), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1341488.
Jaiswal, N. K., Singh, K. P., & Kumar, D. (2025). Assessing the Risk of Brain Tumors in Young Populations: A. Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 18(2), 1-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391708027_Assessing_the_Risk_of_Brain_Tumors_in_Young_Populations_A_Review.
Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., & Jemal, A. (2024). Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 74(3), 229-263. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834.
Delaidelli, A., & Moiraghi, A. (2024). Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors. Brain sciences, 14(3), 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030224.
Khalighi, S., Reddy, K., Midya, A., Pandav, K. B., Madabhushi, A., & Abedalthagafi, M. (2024). Artificial intelligence in neuro-oncology: advances and challenges in brain tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and precision treatment. NPJ precision oncology, 8(1), 80.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41698-024-00575-0.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Mohamed Mahmmod, Fatima Mallalah Mohammed, Ali Najm Abdullah, Mustafa Hazem Majed, Mudhar A Al-Obaidi, Nordeen Shoqirat
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
